This time, i would like to share a new lesson of hacking..It's a backdoor. The example of backdoor program is SubSeven. A software that use to steal information and control all the authorities of other Personal Computer. Download SubSeven Sub7 Client Server Program Backdoor Full Download

What is SQL Injection
SQL injection refers to the act of someone inserting a MySQL statement to be run on your database without your knowledge. Injection usually occurs when you ask a user for input, like their name, and instead of a name they give you a MySQL statement that you will unknowingly run on your database.

SQL Injection Example
Below is a sample string that has been gathered from a normal user and a bad user trying to use SQL Injection. We asked the users for their login, which will be used to run a SELECT statement to get their information.


MySQL & PHP Code:// a good user's name
$name = "timmy";
$query = "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = '$name'";
echo "Normal: " . $query . "
";
// user input that uses SQL Injection
$name_bad = "' OR 1'";
// our MySQL query builder, however, not a very safe one
$query_bad = "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = '$name_bad'";
// display what the new query will look like, with injection
echo "Injection: " . $query_bad;


Display:
Normal: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = 'timmy'Injection: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = '' OR 1''
The normal query is no problem, as our MySQL statement will just select everything from customers that has a username equal to timmy.
However, the injection attack has actually made our query behave differently than we intended. By using a single quote (') they have ended the string part of our MySQL query
username = ' '
and then added on to our WHERE statement with an OR clause of 1 (always true).
username = ' ' OR 1
This OR clause of 1 will always be true and so every single entry in the "customers" table would be selected by this statement!

More Serious SQL Injection Attacks
Although the above example displayed a situation where an attacker could possibly get access to a lot of information they shouldn't have, the attacks can be a lot worse. For example an attacker could empty out a table by executing a DELETE statement.
MySQL & PHP Code:$name_evil = "'; DELETE FROM customers WHERE 1 or username = '";
// our MySQL query builder really should check for injection
$query_evil = "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = '$name_evil'";
// the new evil injection query would include a DELETE statement
echo "Injection: " . $query_evil;
Display:
SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = ' '; DELETE FROM customers WHERE 1 or username = ' '
If you were run this query, then the injected DELETE statement would completely empty your "customers" table. Now that you know this is a problem, how can you prevent it?

For more info, please visit http://www.tizag.com/

login 1'or'1'='1

• SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits
• BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
• DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.
• RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.
• MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

Fiber Optic types :

Single Mode cable is a single stand (most applications use 2 fibers) of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms mono-mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber.

Single Modem fiber is used in many applications where data is sent at multi-frequency (WDM Wave-Division-Multiplexing) so only one cable is needed - (single-mode on one single fiber)

Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.


Multi-Mode cable has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range for the light carry component (in the US the most common size is 62.5um). Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is used, 2 fibers are used (WDM is not normally used on multi-mode fiber). POF is a newer plastic-based cable which promises performance similar to glass cable on very short runs, but at a lower cost.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to 275m to 2km) over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000 feet [914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission so designers now call for single mode fiber in new applications using Gigabit and beyond.

1) An IP address is an identifier that is assigned at the Internet layer to an interface or a set of interfaces. Each IP address can identify the source or destination of IP packets.

2) 2 types of IP address :

* Public IP address

Public IP Addresses (also known as Static IP Addresses) are IP addresses that are visible to the public.Because these ip addresses are public, they allow other people to know about and access your computer, like a Web server.

* Private IP address

These addresses can be used on a private network, but they’re not routable through the public Internet. This not only creates a measure of much-needed security, but it also conveniently saves valuable IP address space.

RFC 1918 defines the following address prefixes for the private address space:

*

10.0.0.0/8 (10.0.0.0, 255.0.0.0)

Allows the following range of valid IPv4 unicast addresses: 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254. The 10.0.0.0/8 address prefix has 24 host bits that you can use for any addressing scheme within a private organization.
*

172.16.0.0/12 (172.16.0.0, 255.240.0.0)

Allows the following range of valid IPv4 unicast addresses: 172.16.0.1 to 172.31.255.254. The 172.16.0.0/12 address prefix has 20 host bits that you can use for any addressing scheme within a private organization.
*

192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0, 255.255.0.0)

Allows the following range of valid IPv4 unicast addresses: 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.255.254. The 192.168.0.0/16 address prefix has 16 host bits that you can use for any addressing scheme within a private organization.



3) Example of IP address :

The IPv4 address 11000000101010000000001100011000 is expressed as 192.168.3.24 in dotted decimal notation. To convert an IPv4 address from binary notation to dotted decimal notation, you:

*

Segment it into 8-bit blocks: 11000000 10101000 00000011 00011000
*

Convert each block to decimal: 192 168 3 24
*

Separate the blocks with periods: 192.168.3.24

For more information, please visit at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726995.aspx

i) Subnetting is a set of techniques that you can use to efficiently divide the address space of a unicast address prefix for allocation among the subnets of an organization network.
ii)The fixed portion of a unicast address prefix includes the bits up to and including the prefix length that have a defined value. The variable portion of a unicast address prefix includes the bits beyond the prefix length that are set to 0.
iii)Example of subnet : 131.107.192.0/18 (Class B)
The key information in this chapter is the following:

*

Subnetting is a set of techniques that you can use to efficiently allocate the address space of one or more unicast address prefixes among the subnets of an organization network.
*

To determine the subnet prefix of an IPv4 address configuration in prefix length notation (w.x.y.z/n), retain the n high-order bits, set all the remaining bits to 0, and then convert the result to dotted decimal notation. To determine the subnet prefix of an IPv4 address configuration in subnet mask notation, perform a bit-wise logical AND between the IPv4 address and its subnet mask.
*

When determining the number of host ID bits in an IPv4 address prefix to use for subnetting, choose more subnets over more hosts per subnet if you have more possible host IDs than are practical to use on a given subnet.
*

To subnet an IPv4 address prefix, use either binary or decimal methods as described in this chapter to enumerate the subnetted address prefixes and the ranges of usable IPv4 addresses for each subnet.
*

Variable length subnetting is a technique of creating subnetted IPv4 address prefixes that use prefix lengths of different sizes.
*

To subnet an IPv6 global address prefix, use either hexadecimal or decimal methods as described in this chapter to enumerate the subnetted address prefixes

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

• Computer network protocols created in the 1970's by DARPA,an agency of the United States Departmet.
• TCP/IP is a network protocols that enable computers to communicate over network.
• Its provide end-end connectivity specifying how data should formatted,addressed,transmitted,routed and received at the destination.
• TCP/IP Layer
• i) Link Layer
  
  +networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached
  
  +The processes of transmitting and receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the software device driver for the network card
  
  ii) Internet Layer
  
  +solves the problem of sending packets across one or more networks.this process is called routing.
  
  +performs 2 basic functions (Host addressing and identification and Packet routing)
  
  iii) Transport Layer
  
  +End-to-end message transfer capabilities independent of the underlying network, along with error control, segmentation, flow control, congestion control, and application addressing (port numbers).
  
  iv) Application Layer
  
  +refers to the higher-level protocols used by most applications for network communication.